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  1. Home
  3. Podocarpaceae And Cupressaceae: A Tale Of Two Conifers And Ancient Adhesives Production In South Africa.
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  3. Podocarpaceae And Cupressaceae: A Tale Of Two Conifers And Ancient Adhesives Production In South Africa.

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Podocarpaceae and Cupressaceae: A tale of two conifers and ancient adhesives production in South Africa.

Rivka Chasan1,2, Margaret-Ashley Veall3, Liliana Iwona Baron4

  • 1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.

Plos One
|November 13, 2024

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ancient South African adhesives may not be solely from Podocarpus. New research suggests Afrocarpus and Widdringtonia genera are also sources, requiring careful molecular analysis for accurate identification of Stone Age materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Archaeological science
  • Paleochemistry
  • Ethnobotany

Background:

  • Ancient adhesives from South Africa's Stone Age offer insights into past technologies.
  • Previous research often identified adhesives as Podocarpus resin or tar.
  • Excellent preservation conditions facilitate detailed analysis of these organic materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the sole identification of ancient adhesives as Podocarpus resin or tar.
  • To investigate the potential contribution of Afrocarpus (Podocarpaceae) and Widdringtonia (Cupressaceae) to Stone Age adhesives.
  • To develop refined methods for differentiating between similar plant-derived adhesive materials.

Main Methods:

  • Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze molecular signatures.
  • Analysis included modern wood, tar, resin, and seed cones from Podocarpus, Afrocarpus, and Widdringtonia.
  • Established an extensive reference database of diterpenoid and other organic compound signatures.

    • Main Results:

    • Diterpenoid signatures present challenges in definitively distinguishing between Podocarpus, Afrocarpus, and Widdringtonia.
    • Proposed classification criteria: Podocarpaceae abundant in phenolic diterpenoids, lower in pimaranes/abietanes; Widdringtonia shows the opposite.
    • Differentiated adhesive production materials (leaves vs. wood/twigs) based on characteristic compounds like α,ω-dicarboxylic acids, n-alkanes, and alcohols.

    Conclusions:

    • Ancient adhesives may originate from a broader range of genera within Podocarpaceae and Cupressaceae.
    • Accurate identification requires considering molecular data alongside archaeological and environmental context.
    • A more nuanced approach is needed due to the complexities of differentiating tree species molecularly.