Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

26.2K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
26.2K
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

41.6K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
41.6K
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

23.8K
The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
23.8K
Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems01:19

Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems

2.7K
A thermodynamic system with zero heat exchange and work is an isolated system. For these systems, the internal energy remains constant.
In the case of a non-isolated system, the change in the internal energy is zero only if the process is cyclic. A thermodynamic process is considered cyclic if the system undergoes a series of changes and returns to its initial state. 
Consider a cyclic process that returns to its initial state, undergoing a four-step process. The heat transfer along each...
2.7K
Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

2.8K
Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
2.8K
Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity01:17

Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity

2.6K
In 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. According to this theory, no matter in the universe can attain a speed greater than the speed of light in a vacuum, which thus serves as the speed limit of the universe.
This has been verified in many experiments. However, space and time are no longer absolute. Two observers moving relative to one another do not agree on the length of objects or the passage of time. The mechanics of objects based on Newton's laws of...
2.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Exact projected entangled pair ground states with topological Euler invariant.

Nature communications·2025
Same journal

Demonstration of a quantum C-NOT gate in a time-multiplexed fully reconfigurable photonic processor.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Nonlinear quantum light source with van der Waals ferroelectric NbOX<sub>2</sub> (X = Br, I).

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Antagonistic histone H2A variants and autonomous heterochromatin formation shape epigenomic patterns in Arabidopsis.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

The long tail of nitrate pollution in groundwater challenges governance of global water quality.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Select microbial metabolites promote tau aggregation in a murine tauopathy model.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Warming climate has lengthened global intense tropical cyclone seasons.

Nature communications·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps
11:52

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

Published on: February 9, 2017

5.9K

Topologically ordered time crystals.

Thorsten B Wahl1, Bo Han2,3, Benjamin Béri4,5

  • 1DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Nature Communications
|November 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce topologically ordered time crystals, a new phase of matter that breaks time-translation symmetry without needing spatial symmetries. This robust phase is stabilized by many-body localization and may be realized in quantum devices.

More Related Videos

Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography
11:48

Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography

Published on: April 24, 2018

14.7K
Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
10:35

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

Published on: May 29, 2018

8.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps
11:52

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

Published on: February 9, 2017

5.9K
Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography
11:48

Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography

Published on: April 24, 2018

14.7K
Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
10:35

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

Published on: May 29, 2018

8.7K

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Many-Body Physics
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Information Science

Background:

  • Time crystals are a novel phase of matter in periodically driven quantum systems, characterized by spontaneous breaking of discrete time-translation symmetry.
  • Conventional time crystals require spatial order, often linked to additional symmetries like spin-flip symmetry.
  • Topological order offers a robust form of spatial order that does not rely on symmetry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define and explore a new class of time crystals: topologically ordered time crystals.
  • To investigate the stabilization mechanisms and key features of these novel time crystals.
  • To establish connections between topologically ordered and ordinary time crystals and explore their experimental realization.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical definition of topologically ordered time crystals based on intrinsic topological order.
  • Analysis of stabilization by many-body localization against perturbations.
  • Exploration of connections via higher-form symmetries, quantum error-correcting codes, and holographic correspondence.

Main Results:

  • Definition of topologically ordered time crystals, a phase robustly ordered without symmetry.
  • Demonstration that many-body localization stabilizes this phase.
  • Identification of signatures, including a dynamical perimeter law for topological order.

Conclusions:

  • Topologically ordered time crystals represent a new, robust phase of quantum matter.
  • These time crystals can be stabilized by many-body localization and exhibit unique signatures.
  • The findings provide a theoretical framework and suggest potential realization in programmable quantum devices like the Google Sycamore processor.