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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Post-translational modifications regulate protein function in eukaryotes.
  • Bacterial post-translational modifications, especially in pathogenesis, are less understood.
  • Lactate, a metabolite, can be involved in bacterial processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate novel post-translational modifications in bacteria.
  • To explore the role of lactylation in Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis.
  • To determine the impact of lactylation on bacterial toxin activity.

Main Methods:

  • Demonstration of post-translational protein lactylation in Staphylococcus aureus.
  • Analysis of lactylation's dependence on lactate concentration.
  • Assessment of lactylated alpha-toxin's role in virulence using infection models.

Main Results:

  • Post-translational lactylation of proteins was identified in Staphylococcus aureus.
  • Lactylation specifically modifies alpha-toxin, requiring a single lactylated lysine for full activity.
  • A direct correlation between lactate concentration and lactylation was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Protein lactylation is a newly identified post-translational modification in bacteria.
  • Lactylation of alpha-toxin is essential for Staphylococcus aureus virulence.
  • Increasing lactate levels during infection may enhance pathogen virulence through protein lactylation.