Neuroretinitis: a comprehensive review on aetiologies, clinical manifestations, and treatment options

Neuroretinitis connotes a descriptive clinical entity of optic disc oedema in association with macular exudates in a star configuration. Accordingly, it does not indicate a specific aetiology, although cat scratch disease caused by Bartonella henselae is the most common cause. Historically, the recognition of neuroretinitis dates to the early 20^th century with the eventual understanding that the optic disc is the primary target of disease with secondary macular involvement. Neuroretinitis can be broadly divided into four categories: infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune and mimickers. The intention of this article is to review the various aetiologies of neuroretinitis with a focus on the etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management of B. henselae associated neuroretinitis and recurrent idiopathic neuroretinitis.