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Ocean exploration-oriented temperature and salinity sensor based on bend-insensitive microfiber Mach-Zehnder

Lijun Yu, Jing Wang, Bo Yin

    Optics Express
    |November 14, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new microfiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MMZI) sensor offers accurate ocean temperature and salinity measurements. Machine learning enables precise data demodulation, even with limited spectral range, proving effective in sea trials.

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    Area of Science:

    • Oceanography
    • Optical Sensing
    • Interferometry

    Background:

    • Traditional conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) systems face limitations in ocean exploration.
    • Developing novel sensors for accurate in-situ oceanographic measurements is crucial.
    • Fiber optic sensors offer potential advantages for marine environmental monitoring.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate an ocean exploration-oriented temperature and salinity (TS) sensor.
    • To address demodulation challenges in narrow spectral bands using machine learning.
    • To evaluate the sensor's performance and accuracy in a marine environment.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a bend-insensitive microfiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MMZI) for TS sensing.
    • Employing a machine learning method for sensor calibration and data demodulation.
    • Conducting sea trials and comparing results with commercial conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) systems.

    Main Results:

    • Accurate TS demodulation achieved even with a narrow spectral range (tens of nanometers).
    • Mean relative errors of 2.28% for temperature and 2.29% for salinity were obtained during sea trials.
    • The sensor demonstrated repeatability and stability across repeated trials, validating its reliability.

    Conclusions:

    • The microfiber MMZI sensor provides a novel optical method for accurate TS measurement in seawater.
    • Advantages include multi-parameter measurement, low cost, easy deployment, and high accuracy.
    • This optical sensor can serve as a valuable complement to existing electrical methods in ocean exploration.