Kilohertz-linewidth and low-threshold single-frequency all-fiber laser utilizing self-developed Nd³⁺-doped...

Compared to Nd: YAG lasers, Nd³⁺-doped fiber lasers offer superior beam quality, compactness, and heat dissipation, especially in generating single-frequency lasers, which holds great promise for applications in optical atomic clocks, quantum computing, and high-precision bio-photonic imaging. In this study, theoretical simulations of the local environment and experimental analyses on the luminescent characteristics of what we believe to be a novel Nd³⁺-doped fluoro-sulfo-phosphate (FSP) laser glass were performed to mitigate the concentration and hydroxyl quenching effects. Based on that, a highly Nd³⁺-doped (4 mol%) FSP fiber with a large emission cross-section (3.24 × 10^-20 cm²), wide bandwidth (33.7 nm), long lifetime (354 µs), and high gain coefficient (4.24 dB/cm) was designed. Utilizing this fiber, a 1065 nm SFFL with a low pump threshold of 18 mW, a narrow linewidth of 6.5 kHz, and a 0.9 µm compact all-fiber laser were demonstrated, highlighting the potential of Nd³⁺-doped FSP fiber in high-performance fiber lasers.