Modelling polarized pulsed LiDAR signals in scattering media: an approach for optimizing systems in real-world...

Adverse weather conditions present a primary challenge for ground-based LiDAR imaging systems in outdoor applications. The use of polarization has been proposed as an effective filtering mechanism. However, the number of potential situations is large, complex and difficult to parameterize with accuracy. In such conditions, advanced simulation methods enable the testing of different experimental configurations and the determination of the best possible setup. With this purpose, a Monte Carlo algorithm is presented for modeling polarized pulsed LiDAR signals in turbid media. This algorithm is designed for immediate applicability, incorporating realistic media characterization and accounting for the attributes of existing prototypes. It allows testing various experimental configurations, managing optical obstacles, adjusting polarization arrangements, and different geometries of particles within the medium. The developed algorithm accurately characterizes backscattering signals, revealing their dependence on medium properties. A relationship between visibility and backscattering energy is identified, offering insights for sensor optimization. Polarization analysis highlights the efficacy of circular polarization in mitigating scattering effects and establishes a connection with the polarimetric characteristics of imaged targets. The algorithm's application to irregular particles reveals also an unexpected behavior of polarized light, challenging established strategies. These diverse use cases exemplify the algorithm's capability to model real-world circumstances, emphasizing its significance in predicting cutting-edge situations when designing optical systems for complex and demanding outdoor scenarios.