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Related Concept Videos

Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

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Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
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The neural regulation of respiration is a meticulously coordinated process primarily controlled by the respiratory centers located within the brainstem. These centers, composed of specialized neurons, transmit nerve impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles.
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The human body requires oxygen to function, and when the natural process of respiration is hindered, external devices, including the following, are needed to help deliver this vital gas.
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Bioreactors are engineered vessels designed to cultivate microorganisms under controlled conditions for industrial bioprocessing. They maintain sterility and allow precise regulation of pH, temperature, oxygen, and nutrient levels to optimize microbial growth and metabolite production. Bioreactors range from small laboratory units of 1 liter to industrial systems holding up to 500,000 liters, though only about 75% of their volume is actively used for fermentation. The remaining headspace...
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Related Experiment Video

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Fabrication and Operation of an Oxygen Insert for Adherent Cellular Cultures
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A closed-loop modular multiorgan-on-chips platform for self-sustaining and tightly controlled oxygenation.

Nan Jiang1,2, Guoliang Ying1, Yixia Yin1

  • 1Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|November 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel multiorgan-on-chips platform for precise oxygen control in microenvironments. The system enables physiologically relevant oxygen levels, improving drug metabolism studies in organ-on-a-chip models.

Keywords:
closed-loop platformdrug screeningorgan-on-a-chipoxygen controlthermoplastic chip

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Physiological Engineering
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Physiological microenvironments are crucial for organ-on-a-chip (OOC) systems to accurately assess drug metabolism.
  • Current OOC systems often use ambient incubator oxygen levels (21%), which are physiologically irrelevant compared to tissue-specific concentrations (0.5-13%).
  • Oxygen levels significantly influence cellular and tissue functions and drug metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a closed-loop modular multiorgan-on-chips platform for real-time monitoring and precise control of oxygen levels.
  • To enable independent adjustment of dissolved oxygen in the range of 4-20% across connected microtissues.
  • To investigate the impact of controlled oxygen microenvironments on drug metabolism in OOC models.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a modular multiorgan-on-chips platform integrating microfluidic oxygen scavengers, an oxygen generator, and a monitoring/controller system.
  • Utilizing bioreactors for circulatory culture of connected microtissues.
  • Performing drug studies on parallelly connected liver, kidney, and arterial vessel microtissues under controlled oxygen conditions.

Main Results:

  • The platform successfully achieved real-time monitoring and tight control of oxygen levels (4-20%) in the culture medium.
  • Demonstrated that oxygen levels significantly affect drug metabolism in liver, kidney, and arterial vessel microtissues.
  • Showcased the platform's capability to provide physiologically relevant and independently adjustable oxygen microenvironments.

Conclusions:

  • The developed platform enhances the physiological relevance of OOC systems by providing controlled oxygen microenvironments.
  • This technology can improve the accuracy and performance of drug screening and metabolism studies.
  • The platform supports both single- and multiorgan-on-a-chip configurations for diverse research needs.