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LIFE CYCLE VARIATION AND HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS OF FOUR CONGENERIC SPECIES OF TURTLE ACANTHOCEPHALANS.

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    Area of Science:

    • Parasitology
    • Helminthology
    • Ecology

    Background:

    • Turtle acanthocephalans, genus Neoechinorhynchus, exhibit complex life cycles involving ostracod intermediate hosts and turtle definitive hosts.
    • Neoechinorhynchus emydis additionally utilizes a snail paratenic host, but infection pathways and snail host suitability for other Neoechinorhynchus species remain unclear.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the survival, development, and host utilization of four turtle acanthocephalan species (N. chrysemydis, N. emydis, N. emyditoides, N. pseudemydis) across their intermediate, paratenic, and definitive hosts.
    • To elucidate the role of ostracods and snails in the life cycle of these acanthocephalans.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental infections of two ostracod species (Cypridopsis sp., Physocypria sp.) and one freshwater snail species with eggs from four Neoechinorhynchus species.
    • Monitoring acanthocephalan development and survival within experimental hosts.
    • Ionomic analysis of acanthocephalans and their turtle definitive hosts to assess resource competition and metal accumulation.

    Main Results:

    • All four acanthocephalan species successfully hatched in both ostracod species, but only Physocypria sp. supported development into infective juveniles.
    • Neoechinorhynchus emydis demonstrated faster early growth in ostracods and was the sole species to establish infection in snail hosts.
    • Snails exposed to eggs did not become infected, and proboscis remnants in snail feces indicated failed infections by other species when consuming infected ostracods.

    Conclusions:

    • Physocypria sp. ostracods are confirmed as intermediate hosts for N. chrysemydis, N. emydis, N. emyditoides, and N. pseudemydis.
    • Snails serve as a viable paratenic host only for N. emydis, with other species' transmission to turtles via snails being non-viable.
    • Adult acanthocephalans share resources with turtle hosts, potentially accumulating higher concentrations of heavy metals, and challenging traditional life cycle models.