News insights into social cognition in Williams syndrome from a comprehensive assessment and a virtual reality task

Although the uneven neuropsychological profile of William Syndrome (WS) is well established, less is known about social perception and how profile characteristics may affect the ability to predict other's intentions, a main hallmark of social cognition. This study aimed at examining the neuropsychological profile, including social perception, of adolescents and adults with WS, and at verifying which neuropsychological outcome might account for their social prediction ability. Twenty-six individuals with WS were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, and a virtual reality scenario designed to assess social prediction in a dynamic, everyday life-like context. We found that social perception was a relative strength of the profile, although a dissociation emerged between impaired verbal ToM and relatively spared low-level components. Peaks and valleys were reported in other domains consistently with the expected profile. Both spatial and facial memory were significantly associated with the performance at the social prediction task. Results clarified that social perception per se should not be considered as typically impaired in WS. Weaknesses and strengths in specific abilities, particularly spatial and facial memory, might affect the ability to understand others' intentions in WS beyond domain-specific mechanisms. These findings might inform future syndrome-specific rehabilitative interventions.