Niche-Aware Metagenomic Screening for Enzyme Methioninase Illuminates Its Contribution to Metabolic Syntrophy

The single-step methioninase-mediated degradation of methionine (as a sulfur containing amino acid) is a reaction at the interface of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and methane metabolism in microbes. This enzyme also has therapeutic application due to its role in starving auxotrophic cancer cells. Applying our refined in silico screening pipeline on 33,469 publicly available genome assemblies and 1878 metagenome assembled genomes/single-cell amplified genomes from brackish waters of the Caspian Sea and the Fennoscandian Shield deep groundwater resulted in recovering 1845 methioninases. The majority of recovered methioninases belong to representatives of phyla Proteobacteria (50%), Firmicutes (29%), and Firmicutes_A (13%). Prevalence of methioninase among anaerobic microbes and in the anoxic deep groundwater together with the relevance of its products for energy conservation in anaerobic metabolism highlights such environments as desirable targets for screening novel methioninases and resolving its contribution to microbial metabolism and interactions. Among archaea, majority of detected methioninases are from representatives of Methanosarcina that are able to use methanethiol, the sulfur containing product from methionine degradation, as a precursor for methanogenesis. Branching just outside these archaeal methioninases in the phylogenetic tree, we recovered three methioninases belonging to representatives of Patescibacteria reconstructed from deep groundwater metagenomes. We hypothesize that methioninase in Patescibacteria could contribute to their syntrophic interactions where their methanogenic partners/hosts benefit from the produced 2-oxobutyrate and methanethiol. Our results underscore the significance of accounting for specific ecological niche in screening for enzyme variates with desired characteristics. Finally, complementing of our findings with experimental validation of methioninase activity confirms the potential of our in silico screening in clarifying the peculiar ecological role of methioninase in anoxic environments.