Expanding understanding of chick embryo's nervous system development at HH22-HH41 embryonic stages using X-ray...

Assessing the embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of various substances and processes is crucial due to their complexity and resource intensity. The chicken embryo (CE) serves an ideal model for simulating the first months of mammalian embryonic development. This makes the CE a reliable model for testing teratogenic effects, particularly in relation to the nervous system (NS), which experiences developmental abnormalities second in frequency only to cardiovascular teratogenic disorders. Microcomputed tomography (μCT) is a promising method for studying these processes. The advantages of μCT include relatively high research speed, diagnostic accuracy, high resolution and the ability to visualize the entire internal 3D structure of an object while preserving for other types of research. At the same time, there are practically no available databases of normative μCT data, both qualitative and quantitative, which would act as a starting point for screening detection of abnormalities in the development of the NS. In this study, we present a simple method for obtaining very detailed quantitative sets of 2D and 3D μCT data of NS structures of the CE (Gallus Gallus domesticus) at HH22-HH41 embryonic stages with contrasting by 1% phosphotungstic acid. The results of μCT demonstrate the exact boundaries, high general and differentiated contrast of the main and specific structures of the NS of CE, which are quantitatively and qualitatively similar to results of histological analysis. Calculations of the X-ray density and volume of the main structures of the NS at constant exponential growth are presented. In addition to the increase in linear dimensions, significant changes in the structures of various parts of the brain were identified and visualized during the CE development at HH22 to HH41 embryonic stages. The data presented establish the first methodology for obtaining normative data, including subtle localized differences in the NS in CE embryogenesis. The data obtained open up new opportunities for modern embryology, teratology, pharmacology and toxicology.