Lunar farside volcanism 2.8 billion years ago from Chang'e-6 basalts

Unravelling the volcanic history of the enigmatic lunar farside is essential for understanding the hemispheric dichotomy of the Moon^1-3. Cratering chronology established for the lunar nearside has been used to suggest long-lived volcanism on the farside of the Moon^3,4 but without sample verification. We describe two episodes of basaltic volcanism identified by Pb-Pb dating of basalt fragments returned by the Chang'e-6 mission. One high-Al basalt fragment, dated at 4,203 ± 4 million years ago (Ma), has a source ²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb ratio (µ value) of approximately 1,620, implying a KREEP-rich (K, rare earth elements and P) source for this oldest-known example of basaltic volcanism among returned samples. The main volcanic episode of the Chang'e-6 basalt documents a surprisingly young eruption age of 2,807 ± 3 Ma, which has not been observed on the nearside of the Moon. The initial Pb isotope compositions of these younger basalts indicate a derivation from a source with a µ value of approximately 360, indicating a KREEP-poor mantle source. Mare volcanism on the lunar farside thus persisted for over 1.4 billion years, even if the source was depleted in heat-producing elements. The consistency between the 2.8-billion-year basalt age and the crater-counting age indicates that the cratering chronology model established for the lunar nearside is also applicable to the farside of the Moon.