The Arabidopsis blue-light photoreceptor CRY2 is active in darkness to inhibit root growth

Cryptochromes (CRYs) are blue-light receptors that regulate diverse aspects of plant growth. However, whether and how non-photoexcited CRYs function in darkness or non-blue-light conditions is unknown. Here, we show that CRY2 affects the Arabidopsis transcriptome even in darkness, revealing a non-canonical function. CRY2 suppresses cell division in the root apical meristem to downregulate root elongation in darkness. Blue-light oligomerizes CRY2 to de-repress root elongation. CRY2 physically interacts with FORKED-LIKE 1 (FL1) and FL3, and these interactions are inhibited by blue light, with only monomeric but not dimeric CRY2 able to interact. FL1 and FL3 associate with the chromatin of cell division genes to facilitate their transcription. This pro-growth activity is inhibited by CRY2's physical interaction with FLs in darkness. Plants have evolved to perceive both blue-light and dark cues to coordinate activation and repression of competing developmental processes in above- and below-ground organs through economical and dichotomous use of ancient light receptors.