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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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Proton FLASH Irradiation Using a Synchrotron Accelerator: Differences by Irradiation Positions.

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Ultra-high dose-rate (UHDR) radiation therapy using synchrotron protons demonstrated a FLASH effect in chick embryos. Cancer cell killing was enhanced with UHDR-RT at the Bragg peak, suggesting potential for improved cancer treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Ultra-high dose-rate (UHDR) radiation therapy (UHDR-RT) is an emerging modality.
  • Synchrotron accelerators offer potential for UHDR-RT delivery.
  • Investigating irradiation position effects is crucial for understanding UHDR-RT efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Establish a UHDR radiation system using a synchrotron proton beam.
  • Compare UHDR-RT effects on cultured cells and chick embryos at different irradiation positions.
  • Evaluate the FLASH effect in biological systems.

Main Methods:

  • Protons were extracted from a synchrotron within 50 ms for UHDR delivery.
  • UHDR-RT (200-300 Gy/s) and conventional dose-rate RT (3 Gy/s) were applied.
  • Experiments involved cultured tumor and normal cell lines, and chick embryos.
  • Irradiations were performed at the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) and plateau regions.

Main Results:

  • UHDR-RT achieved dose rates from 40 to 800 Gy/s.
  • Similar cell-killing effects were observed between UHDR-RT and conventional RT in cancer cells in vitro.
  • Peak UHDR-RT induced apoptosis and G2 arrest in the cell cycle.
  • The FLASH effect was observed in chick embryos, showing increased survival rates.
  • V79 spheroids showed stronger cell killing with peak UHDR-RT compared to peak conventional RT.

Conclusions:

  • UHDR-RT using a synchrotron proton beam successfully achieved the FLASH effect in chick embryos.
  • Peak UHDR-RT demonstrated enhanced cell-killing effects in cancer cells, potentially due to higher linear energy transfer at the SOBP.
  • Further research is warranted to optimize UHDR-RT for clinical applications.