Non-monotonic psychometric functions for α-ionone in young adults

The mathematical relationship between the ability to detect an odorant and its concentration appears for some odorants to be non-monotonic, with reversals ("notches") in performance appearing at points along the psychometric function. Like visual adaptation curves that reflect the differential sensitivities of cones and rods, such reversals may provide information about underlying olfactory receptor processes. However, the presence of such reversals is rarely acknowledged, few participants and odorants have been tested, and methodological concerns abound. In this study, we examined in detail the psychometric function for the odorant α-ionone using a sizable number of young participants and 10 log-based concentrations of α-ionone presented in a random fashion. A trial consisted of the counterbalanced presentation of an odorless mineral oil and a concentration of α-ionone in rapid succession using Snap & Sniff® wands. The participants reported which of the two seemed stronger and indicated their confidence on a 9-point scale. In Study 1, 24 participants completed a single 30-minute test session of 60 trials. In Study 2, 600 trials were obtained from each of nine participants over the course of ten 30-minute sessions. In both studies, notches were consistently found in the psychometric function near the 10^-5 and 10^-3.5 vol/vol concentrations. Participants' trial-by-trial confidence judgments corresponded with their detection performance, but their self-rated sense of smell did not. This research definitively demonstrates the presence of reliable reversals in the human α-ionone psychometric function and begs the question as to whether such reversals reflect the recruitment of receptive elements with differing response profiles.