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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

65
Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...
65
Esophagus01:24

Esophagus

629
The esophagus, a muscular conduit linking the pharynx and stomach, measures roughly 10 inches (25.4 cm) and sits behind the trachea. It remains collapsed when not swallowing. The esophagus follows a predominantly straight path through the thoracic mediastinum and enters the abdominal cavity through a diaphragmatic opening known as the esophageal hiatus.
The movement of edibles from the pharynx into the esophagus is facilitated by the upper esophageal sphincter, which is formed primarily by the...
629
Barrett Esophagus-I: Introduction01:21

Barrett Esophagus-I: Introduction

66
Barrett's esophagus is a medical condition where the esophageal mucosa is significantly damaged by stomach acid or other digestive fluids, often due to long-term exposure associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In GERD, a weakened or abnormally relaxed lower esophageal sphincter allows stomach acid to flow persistently into the esophagus.
This constant acid exposure transforms the esophagus's pink mucosal lining (stratified squamous epithelium) into a type of lining more...
66
Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management

51
Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
Healthcare providers should gather a comprehensive medical history and conduct a physical examination for diagnosis. If esophageal stricture is...
51
Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

109
Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure...
109
Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction

74
Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
74

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Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Development of Compendium for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Development of Compendium for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: April 12, 2024

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Oesophageal cancer.

Hong Yang1, Feng Wang2, Christopher L Hallemeier3

  • 1Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Ya University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China.

Lancet (London, England)
|November 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oesophageal cancer treatment has advanced significantly, with combined therapies and immunotherapy improving patient outcomes. This review covers new approaches in screening, diagnosis, and treatment for oesophageal cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Oesophageal cancer is a major global cause of mortality.
  • Incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma is rising worldwide.
  • Advances in screening, surgery, and therapies have improved prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of advances in oesophageal cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • To highlight neoadjuvant therapies for locally advanced oesophageal cancer.
  • To discuss immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical practice.
  • Focus on combined modality therapies (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy).
  • Emphasis on immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Combined modality therapies show success in locally advanced oesophageal cancer.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors are standard in adjuvant and first-line metastatic settings.
  • Significant improvements in oesophageal cancer prognosis are evident.

Conclusions:

  • Oesophageal cancer management has evolved with novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Neoadjuvant and immunotherapy represent key advancements.
  • Continued research is vital for further improving patient survival and outcomes.