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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2025

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Shared body representation constraints in human and non-human primates behavior.

A Errante1, A Rossi Sebastiano2, N Castellani3

  • 1Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.

Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
|November 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study found that monkeys, like humans, experience a sense of body ownership (SBO) influenced by visual and positional cues. Their reaching movements were drawn to a fake hand when both visual synchrony and correct positioning were met.

Keywords:
Body ownershipEmbodimentKinematicsMonkeyRubber hand illusion

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Comparative Psychology
  • Primatology

Background:

  • The sense of body ownership (SBO) is crucial for self-perception and can be experimentally altered in humans.
  • Understanding SBO across species can reveal fundamental principles of body representation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if bottom-up and top-down constraints influencing human SBO also apply to monkeys.
  • To explore cross-species similarities in the mechanisms underlying body ownership.

Main Methods:

  • A combined rubber hand illusion (RHI) and hand-identification reaching task was administered to one monkey and 20 humans.
  • Movement kinematics were analyzed under varying conditions of visuo-tactile synchronicity (bottom-up) and hand position (top-down).

Main Results:

  • The monkey's reaching movements were attracted to the perceived fake hand's position, mirroring human responses.
  • This effect was contingent on the simultaneous presence of both bottom-up and top-down SBO constraints.
  • Kinematic parameters beyond trajectory, such as velocity and deceleration, were also modulated by the embodiment effect in the monkey.

Conclusions:

  • Human and non-human primates may share similar constraints in constructing body representation.
  • Motor behavior in both species can be modulated by illusory embodiment, suggesting conserved neural mechanisms.
  • Further research with larger monkey samples is warranted to confirm these cross-species similarities.