Soil microfauna mediate multifunctionality under multilevel warming in a primary forest

Soil microfauna play a crucial role in maintaining multiple functions associated with soil phosphorous, nitrogen and carbon cycling. Although both soil microfauna diversity and multifunctionality are strongly affected by climate warming, it remains unclear how their relationships respond to different levels of warming. We conducted a 3-year multilevel warming experiment with five warming treatments in a subtropical primary forest. Using infrared heating systems, the soil surface temperature in plots was maintained at 0.8, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.2°C above ambient temperature (control). Our findings indicated that low-level warming (+0.8-1.5°C) increased soil multifunctionality, as well as nematode and protist diversity, compared with the control. In contrast, high-level warming (+4.2°C) significantly reduced these variables. We also identified significant positive correlations between soil multifunctionality and nematode and protist diversity in the 0-10 cm soil layer. Notably, we found that soil multifunctionality and protist diversity did not change significantly under 3.0°C warming treatment. Our results imply that a temperature increase of around 3°C may represent a critical threshold in subtropical forests, which is of great importance for identifying response measures to global warming from the perspective of microfauna in the surface soil. Our findings provide new evidence on how soil microfauna regulate multifunctionality under varying degrees of warming in primary forests.