Electrochemical CO₂ Conversion Commercialization Pathways: A Concise Review on Experimental Frontiers and...

Technoeconomic analysis (TEA) studies are vital for formulating guidelines that drive the commercialization of electrochemical CO₂ reduction (eCO₂R) technologies. In this review, we first discuss the progress in the field of eCO₂R processes by providing current state-of-the-art metrices (e.g., faradic efficiency, current density) based on the recent heterogeneous catalysts' discovery, electrolytes, electrolyzers configuration, and electrolysis process designs. Next, we assessed the TEA studies for a wide range of eCO₂R final products, different modes of eCO₂R systems/processes, and discussed their relative competitiveness with relevant commercial products. Finally, we discuss challenges and future directions essential for eCO₂R commercialization by linking suggestions from TEA studies. We believe that this review will catalyze innovation in formulating advanced eCO₂R strategies to meet the TEA benchmarks for the conversion of CO₂ into valuable chemicals at the industrial scale.