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Detecting Differential Item Functioning Using Response Time.

Qizhou Duan1, Ying Cheng1

  • 1University of Notre Dame, IN, USA.

Educational and Psychological Measurement
|November 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a regression approach for detecting differential item functioning (DIF) in response times. Combining significance tests with ΔR² offers a consistent method for identifying DIF items in educational assessments.

Keywords:
PISA 2018differential item functioningeffect sizesregression analysisresponse time models

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Area of Science:

  • Educational Measurement
  • Psychometrics
  • Data Analysis

Background:

  • Differential Item Functioning (DIF) is crucial for fair testing.
  • Response time data offers additional insights into item performance.
  • Existing DIF detection methods may not fully utilize response time information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate uniform Differential Item Functioning (DIF) detection using response times.
  • To propose and evaluate a regression analysis approach for DIF detection in response times.
  • To compare different criteria for flagging DIF items based on statistical significance and effect sizes.

Main Methods:

  • Proposed a regression model with working speed and group membership as predictors of logarithm-transformed response times.
  • Utilized effect size measures (ΔR², percentage change in regression coefficients) alongside significance tests.
  • Conducted a simulation study varying sample size, focal group proportion, number of DIF items, and DIF magnitude.
  • Applied the method to PISA 2018 data for real-world validation.

Main Results:

  • Significance tests alone were overly strict in flagging DIF items.
  • Percentage change in regression coefficients showed inconsistent performance across conditions.
  • The combination of significance tests with ΔR² effectively reduced the flagging rate consistently.
  • The proposed method demonstrated practical utility with real-world PISA data.

Conclusions:

  • The regression approach using ΔR² with significance tests provides a reliable method for uniform DIF detection in response times.
  • This method offers improved accuracy and consistency compared to significance tests alone or percentage change measures.
  • Guidelines are provided for implementing response time-based DIF studies.