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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Communication Studies
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Misinformation correction typically involves direct refutation.
  • Alternative strategies, like bolstering opposing beliefs, may also counter misinformation effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of bypassing versus correcting misinformation.
  • To investigate the psychological processes underlying these strategies.
  • To identify conditions under which each strategy is more impactful.

Main Methods:

  • Six preregistered experiments were conducted.
  • Participants were exposed to misinformation and then received either a correction or a bypass intervention.
  • Attitudes, beliefs, and intentions were measured.

Main Results:

  • Bypassing misinformation generally led to greater changes in attitudes and intentions compared to direct correction.
  • The effectiveness of bypassing was moderated by whether individuals formed attitudes or beliefs upon initial exposure.
  • When attitudes were formed immediately, bypassing showed no advantage over correction due to anchoring effects.
  • When individuals focused on accuracy and formed beliefs, bypassing was more effective.

Conclusions:

  • Bypassing misinformation can be a more potent strategy than direct negation.
  • The effectiveness of bypassing depends on cognitive processing during initial exposure to misinformation.
  • Understanding attitude formation is key to optimizing interventions against misinformation.