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Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Visual System01:26

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Neural Encoding of Direction and Distance across Reference Frames in Visually Guided Reaching.

Alejandra Harris Caceres1, Deborah A Barany2,3, Neil M Dundon4,5

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Summary

The brain independently represents target direction and distance during motor planning. Early planning encodes both, while late planning emphasizes distance in gaze- and body-centered frames for flexible action control.

Keywords:
fMRIgoal-directed actionmotor planningreachingreference framesrepresentational similarity analysessensorimotor transformation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Goal-directed actions rely on transforming sensory input into motor plans.
  • Target direction is well-studied in parietal and premotor regions using various reference frames.
  • Neural encoding of target distance during motor planning is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the human brain encodes target distance and direction during motor planning.
  • To differentiate neural representations of distance and direction at early and late planning stages.
  • To explore the reference frames used for encoding target distance.

Main Methods:

  • Bayesian pattern component modeling of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data.
  • Delayed reach-to-target task to analyze motor planning.
  • Dissociation of neural encoding for target direction and relative distances.

Main Results:

  • Independent neural representations of target direction and distance were found along the dorsomedial reach pathway.
  • Early planning stages showed premotor and superior parietal areas encoding distance in multiple reference frames and direction.
  • Late planning stages revealed magnified distance encoding in gaze- and body-centric reference frames.

Conclusions:

  • The human central nervous system flexibly re-maps sensory information for motor planning.
  • Both distance and direction are encoded within the same brain areas but with dynamic reference frame usage.
  • Efficient goal achievement involves integrating multiple parameters like distance and direction through adaptable neural representations.