Non-coding RNA notations, regulations and interactive resources

An increasing number of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are found to have roles in gene expression and cellular regulations. However, there are still a large number of ncRNAs whose functions remain to be studied. Despite decades of research, the field continues to evolve, with each newly identified ncRNA undergoing processes such as biogenesis, identification, and functional annotation. Bioinformatics methodologies, alongside traditional biochemical experimental methods, have played an important role in advancing ncRNA research across various stages. Presently, over 50 types of ncRNAs have been characterized, each exhibiting diverse functions. However, there remains a need for standardization and integration of these ncRNAs within a unified framework. In response to this gap, this review traces the historical trajectory of ncRNA research and proposes a unified notation system. Additionally, we comprehensively elucidate the ncRNA interactome, detailing its associations with DNAs, RNAs, proteins, complexes, and chromatin. A web portal named ncRNA Hub ( https://bis.zju.edu.cn/nchub/ ) is also constructed to provide detailed notations of ncRNAs and share a collection of bioinformatics resources. This review aims to provide a broader perspective and standardized paradigm for advancing ncRNA research.