Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

67.2K
Overview
67.2K
Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

6.5K
Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
6.5K
Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

3.8K
The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
3.8K
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

909
Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
909
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

71.7K
Overview
71.7K
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

11.4K
The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
11.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Geographic and Socioeconomic Variation in Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Pricing Across the United States: A State-Level Analysis of Income, Gross Domestic Product, and Real Economic Burden.

Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum·2026
Same author

Evaluation of Aesthetic Outcomes Following Botulinum Toxin Treatment Using Multimodal Large Language Models: A Paired Before-and-After Analysis.

Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum·2026
Same author

AI-based burn image assessment: Reliability and clinical error patterns of multimodal large language models in a repeated-inference study.

Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS·2026
Same author

AI in Dermato-Oncology: Diagnostic Performance and Prompt-Injection Vulnerability of Vision-Language Models in Dermoscopic Skin Cancer Assessment.

Cancers·2026
Same author

Artificial Intelligence in Medical Assessment: Reliability and Performance of Multimodal Large Language Models in a High-Stakes Licensing Examination.

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Artificial Intelligence in Cancer Research: Modality Dependence and Limited Visual-Spatial Integration in Multimodal Large Language Models for Breast Cancer Histopathology.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Culturing Lymphocytes in Simulated Microgravity Using a Rotary Cell Culture System
09:28

Culturing Lymphocytes in Simulated Microgravity Using a Rotary Cell Culture System

Published on: August 25, 2022

2.7K

Challenges for the human immune system after leaving Earth.

Shannon Marchal1, Alexander Choukér2, Jürgen Bereiter-Hahn3

  • 1Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, Germany.

NPJ Microgravity
|November 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The human immune system faces challenges in space due to radiation and altered gravity. Adaptation to the space environment is unlikely in the short term, requiring risk mitigation for astronaut health.

More Related Videos

Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform
11:08

Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform

Published on: January 13, 2019

12.2K
Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy
10:39

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy

Published on: April 16, 2019

7.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Culturing Lymphocytes in Simulated Microgravity Using a Rotary Cell Culture System
09:28

Culturing Lymphocytes in Simulated Microgravity Using a Rotary Cell Culture System

Published on: August 25, 2022

2.7K
Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform
11:08

Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform

Published on: January 13, 2019

12.2K
Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy
10:39

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy

Published on: April 16, 2019

7.6K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Space Medicine
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The human immune system evolved over millions of years to maintain homeostasis and host survival.
  • Human spaceflight presents unique environmental hazards including radiation, altered gravity, and psychological stress.
  • These factors can lead to immunological dysregulation in astronauts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the adaptive potential of the human immune system to the unique challenges of the space environment.
  • To assess the risks posed by microbial adaptation and increased virulence in space.
  • To determine the feasibility of immune system adaptation within current space exploration timelines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence on astronaut immunology.
  • Analysis of environmental factors in spaceflight.
  • Consideration of microbial evolution and pathogenicity in extraterrestrial conditions.

Main Results:

  • Evidence indicates immunological changes in astronauts, such as heightened inflammation and viral reactivation.
  • Microorganisms exhibit enhanced pathogenicity and drug resistance in space conditions.
  • The human immune system's evolutionary adaptation is unlikely to meet the demands of short-term space missions.

Conclusions:

  • Significant risks to astronaut health must be addressed before long-duration space exploration.
  • The human immune system, while adaptable, requires substantial time for evolutionary adjustments.
  • Proactive strategies are needed to manage immune dysregulation and infectious threats in space.