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Related Concept Videos

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2025

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
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Longitudinal Patterns and Predictors of Cognitive Impairment Classification Stability.

Cynthia McDowell1,2, Nicholas Tamburri1,2, Jodie R Gawryluk1,2,3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Cornett Building A236, 3800 Finnerty Road (Ring Rd), Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : the Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists
|November 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Cognitive Impairment, No Dementia (CIND) status is often unstable, with many individuals reverting or fluctuating over time. Premorbid IQ and impairment severity predict these cognitive changes.

Keywords:
CognitionCognitive dysfunctionCognitive reserveDementiaLogistic modelsLongitudinal studies

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Cognitive Impairment, No Dementia (CIND) is considered a preclinical stage of dementia.
  • Emerging evidence suggests CIND is an unstable classification, not always progressing to dementia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore longitudinal stability patterns of CIND status.
  • To identify baseline predictors of 6-year CIND stability.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal repeated measures design (N=259, aged 65-90).
  • Latent transition analysis to track CIND status changes annually.
  • Multinomial logistic regression to assess baseline predictors.

Main Results:

  • High rates of reversion and fluctuation in CIND status observed.
  • Premorbid IQ and CIND severity at baseline significantly predicted stability outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • CIND status demonstrated instability for several years post-baseline.
  • Cognitive reserve may protect against cognitive impairment.
  • Initial CIND severity impacts classification accuracy.