Widening the Circle: Is There an Eighth Principle for Universal Design?

The advantage of Universal Design (UD) over mere barrier-free design is that it can benefit everyone, regardless of age or ability. The imperative to include design for personal safety even outranks accessibility as a design precept. Evolved almost four decades ago, Ron Mace's Seven Principles did not anticipate advanced standards of safety in today's world. Whilst Principle Five - 'Tolerance for Error', states that 'the design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions', this notion of 'error' implies that it is the user who is at fault, rather than the provider. This may lead to inhibition and fear, hampering one's lifestyle in a multitude of ways. Fear of falling, inhibition of being unable to find a public toilet, forgetting a password or simply being made to feel old and incapable can all have an adverse effect. A cross-disciplinary group of experts undertook a number of studies on design for age-friendly cities in Ireland, through empirical research, experiential exercises and dissemination into third-level design education. Studies on design and facilities that lead to an individual's lack of confidence are discussed, including a research programme undertaken for the National Disability Authority on the Universal Design of Fall Detection Technologies. The paper proposes that an additional Principle: "Reduction of Fear" should be a basic design parameter in all aspects of the built environment as well as IT and services. By broadening its scope and joining forces with health and safety issues, UD becomes more inclusive, desirable to client bodies and attractive to everyone. The paper identifies areas where improvement in design is urgently required, suggesting the breadth of benefits accruing from more inclusive design, particularly in reducing fear through safer home zone environments.