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Related Concept Videos

Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
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Hypopituitarism and COVID-19.

Giulia Carosi1, Arianna Cremaschi1, Claudia Giavoli1,2

  • 1Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.

Pituitary
|November 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 can cause hypopituitarism, a condition affecting the pituitary gland. Patients with existing hypopituitarism face increased COVID-19 risks, necessitating therapy adjustments and further research on long-term pituitary function.

Keywords:
Adrenal insufficiencyCOVID-19GHDHypopituitarismLong covidPituitary apoplexy

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Virology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns about its impact on the endocrine system.
  • Hypopituitarism, a condition of deficient pituitary hormone production, is increasingly being studied in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current research on hypopituitarism and COVID-19.
  • To examine the virus's effects on the pituitary gland and outcomes for patients with hormonal deficiencies.

Main Methods:

  • A literature review was conducted using PubMed.
  • Search terms included "COVID19", "Pituitary", and "Hypopituitarism".

Main Results:

  • Studies show varied pituitary function impairment in COVID-19 patients, with unclear causes (viral damage vs. inflammation).
  • Pituitary defects may persist post-infection, potentially contributing to Long COVID.
  • Patients with hypopituitarism may have a higher risk of COVID-19 infection, complications, and mortality.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 impacts the endocrine system during acute infection and recovery.
  • Hypopituitarism can result from SARS-CoV-2 infection, and existing hypopituitarism increases patient risks.
  • Long-term follow-up data on pituitary function post-COVID-19 are crucial, and patients need guidance on managing replacement therapies.