Cross-Interactions of Aβ Peptides Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease Shape Amyloid Oligomer Structures and Aggregation

A defining hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the synaptic aggregation of the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide. In vivo, Aβ production results in a diverse mixture of variants, of which Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ43 are profusely present in the AD brain, and their relative abundance is recognized to play a role in disease onset and progression. Nonetheless, the occurrence of Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ43 hetero-oligomerization and the subsequent effects on Aβ aggregation remain elusive and were investigated here. Using thioflavin-T (ThT)-monitored aggregation assays and native mass spectrometry coupled to ion mobility analysis (IM-MS), we first show that all Aβ peptides are aggregation-competent and self-assemble into homo-oligomers with distinct conformational populations, which are more pronounced between Aβ40 than the longer variants. ThT assays were then conducted on binary mixtures of Aβ variants, revealing that Aβ42 and Aβ43 aggregate independently from Aβ40 but significantly speed up Aβ40 fibrillation. Aβ42 and Aβ43 were observed to aggregate concurrently and mutually accelerate fibril formation, which likely involves hetero-oligomerization. Accordingly, native MS analysis revealed pairwise oligomerization between all variants, with the formation of heterodimers and heterotrimers. Interestingly, IM-MS indicates that hetero-oligomers containing longer Aβ variants are enriched in conformers with lower collision cross-sections when compared to their homo-oligomer counterparts. This suggests that Aβ42 and Aβ43 are capable of remodeling the oligomer structure toward a higher compaction level. Altogether, our findings provide a mechanistic description for the hetero-oligomerization of Aβ variants implicated in AD, contributing to rationalizing their in vivo proteotoxic interplay.