Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

Framing Effects

Framing Effects

Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...

Echo

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case,...

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Target-mediated drug disposition modeling of liraglutide in rats: Implications of target engagement for pharmacodynamic predictions.

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie·2026

Same author

Comparison of Adenine-Induced Rat Models for Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease.

Biology·2025

Same author

Radiographic evaluation of ankle alignment using the hip-to-calcaneus view in patients with end-stage ankle arthritis.

Foot and ankle surgery : official journal of the European Society of Foot and Ankle Surgeons·2025

Same author

Differences in Intersegmental Foot and Ankle Motion Between Patients With Varus and Valgus Ankle Osteoarthritis.

Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society·2025

Same author

Standing Long Jump Performance Is Enhanced When Using an External as Well as Holistic Focus of Attention: A Kinematic Study.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2024

Same author

Chronic hypoxia impairs skeletal muscle repair via HIF-2α stabilization.

Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

The Distance Effect in Focus of Attention: Spatial or Temporal Distance?

Yonjoong Ryuh¹, Cole Geschwender², Joonhee Kim³

¹Sonoma State University.

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport

|November 19, 2024

Summary

External focus cues enhance motor performance, whether timed during or after the movement. Internal focus cues, however, can hinder performance, with

Keywords:

Attentional focus common coding theory distal focus proximal focus

More Related Videos

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Published on: November 30, 2018

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Link Between Time Perception of Visual Stimuli and Reading Skills

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Link Between Time Perception of Visual Stimuli and Reading Skills

Published on: January 19, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Published on: November 30, 2018

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Link Between Time Perception of Visual Stimuli and Reading Skills

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Link Between Time Perception of Visual Stimuli and Reading Skills

Published on: January 19, 2024

Area of Science:

Sport Science
Motor Control
Psychology of Sport

Background:

External attentional focus generally improves motor performance compared to internal focus.
Previous research suggests a 'distal effect' where external cues further from the body enhance performance.
A confound exists: distal cues often relate to movement outcomes (after), while proximal cues relate to the process (during).

Purpose of the Study:

To differentiate whether the spatial distance (proximal vs. distal) or temporal aspect (during vs. after movement) of external focus drives performance enhancement.
To investigate the impact of attentional focus on motor performance in a medicine ball throw task.

Main Methods:

Thirty-eight healthy young adults performed a two-handed underhand medicine ball throw for maximum distance.
Five conditions were tested: baseline, internal-during focus, internal-after focus, external-during focus, and external-after focus.

Main Results:

Both external-during and external-after focus conditions significantly increased throwing distance compared to internal focus conditions.
Internal-after focus condition resulted in significantly lower throwing distance than the baseline condition.
Attentional focus significantly impacts throwing distance, with external cues proving superior.

Conclusions:

The effectiveness of external focus in enhancing motor performance is not solely dependent on spatial distance.
External cues representing action effects, whether during or after the movement, are most beneficial for performance.
Using outcome cues unrelated to the intended action does not improve, and may even impair, motor performance.