Chaotic (bio)printing in the context of drug delivery systems

Chaotic (bio)printing, an innovative fabrication technique that uses chaotic flows to create highly ordered microstructures within materials, may be transformative for drug delivery systems. This review explores the principles underlying chaotic flows and their application in fabricating complex, multi-material constructs designed for advanced drug delivery and controlled release. Chaotic printing enables the precise layering of different active ingredients-a feature that may greatly facilitate the development of polypills with customizable release profiles. Recently, chaos-assisted fabrication has been extended to produce micro-architected hydrogel spheres in a high-throughput manner, potentially enhancing the versatility and efficiency of drug delivery methods. In addition, chaotic bioprinting enables the creation of evolved tissue models that more accurately emulate physiological systems, providing a more relevant platform for drug testing. This review also highlights the unique advantages of chaotic printing, including the ability to fabricate tissues with organized porosity and pre-vascularized structures, addressing critical challenges in tissue engineering. Despite its promising capabilities, challenges remain, particularly in expanding the range of materials compatible with chaotic printing. Continued research and development in this area are essential to fully realize the potential of chaotic (bio)printing in advancing drug delivery, paving the way for the next generation of smart drug delivery systems and functional tissue models for drug testing.