Interactive effects of cryosolvents, ionic and macromolecular solutes on protein structures and functions

Surprisingly, cryosolvents may mimic the effects of ionic solutes on the structures and functions of macromolecular assemblages, showing additive or opposite effects depending on the respective concentrations. These interactive effects are hard to analyze precisely because they may result from so many possible contributions. However, studies on model systems clearly show the nature of the interactive effects and bring about useful information concerning the mechanism of action of cryosolvents and ions and the response of enzyme systems. Such results suggest new studies on the interaction of biopolymers and water and their possible impact on the cryobehavior of highly organized and living systems.