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Related Concept Videos

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

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In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this...
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UV–Visible absorption spectra of conjugated dienes arise from the lowest energy π → π* transitions. The light-absorbing part of the molecule is called the chromophore, and the substituents directly attached to the chromophore are called auxochromes. A strong correlation exists between the absorption maxima, λmax, and the structure of a conjugated π system. The Woodward–Fieser rules predict the value of λmax for a given...
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A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
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Van der Waals Equation

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The ideal gas law is an approximation that works well at high temperatures and low pressures. The van der Waals equation of state (named after the Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals, 1837−1923) improves it by considering two factors.
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Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission01:14

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Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels.  Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.
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Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.
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Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model
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A hyperfine-resolved spectroscopic model for vanadium monoxide (51V16O).

Charles A Bowesman1, Sergei N Yurchenko1, Jonathan Tennyson1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK.

Molecular Physics
|November 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Scientists developed a new spectroscopic model for Vanadium monoxide (VO) to improve its detection in hot-Jupiter atmospheres. This model accounts for hyperfine couplings, crucial for accurate spectral analysis and understanding exoplanet atmospheres.

Keywords:
Hyperfine couplingpotential energy curvesspectroscopyvanadium monoxidevariational nuclear motion

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Area of Science:

  • Astronomy and Astrophysics
  • Spectroscopy
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Vanadium monoxide (VO) is a key molecule for understanding hot-Jupiter atmospheres.
  • Previous high-resolution studies have not detected VO due to inaccurate spectral line lists.
  • Large hyperfine splittings in VO spectra, caused by the Vanadium atom's nuclear spin, complicate detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To construct a new, hyperfine-resolved spectroscopic model for VO.
  • To improve the accuracy of VO spectral line lists for exoplanet atmosphere studies.
  • To aid in the detection of VO in hot-Jupiter atmospheres.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a spectroscopic model including 15 low-lying electronic states of VO.
  • Incorporated hyperfine couplings using a new version of the Duo program.
  • Refined the model against experimental transition energies and fitted hyperfine couplings for three electronic states.

Main Results:

  • A fully hyperfine-resolved spectroscopic model for VO has been successfully constructed.
  • The model incorporates 15 electronic states and accounts for hyperfine interactions.
  • The model was validated against experimental data and used to assign spectral perturbations.

Conclusions:

  • The new spectroscopic model provides a more accurate representation of VO spectra.
  • This advancement is expected to facilitate the detection of VO in exoplanet atmospheres.
  • Improved spectral analysis will enhance our understanding of hot-Jupiter atmospheric composition.