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Updated: May 6, 2026
Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Published on: July 5, 2011
Spontaneous Recovery of Active Shoulder External Rotation in Patients with Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
Maria Hyttinen1, Henrikki Rönkkö2, Pasi Paavilainen3
1From the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology.
Background:
Brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) occurs as a result of a difficult delivery. External rotation (ER) of the shoulder (ER) is usually one of the last movements that may recover. There is no consensus about the predicting factors for spontaneous recovery or the optimal timing for surgical treatment of ER in BPBI patients. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe spontaneous recovery of active ER and evaluate predicting factors for the recovery.
Methods:
The authors screened 562 patients and identified a consecutive cohort of 103 BPBI patients, who had no active ER at the age of 3 months. The authors systematically collected clinical data on recovery. In addition, the authors assessed whether early recovery of elbow flexion, shoulder abduction, or Narakas grade at 1 month predicts ER recovery.
Results:
Fifty-two patients (51%) spontaneously recovered ER, 44% of whom recovered by the age of 1 year, 83% by 1.5 years, 92% by 2 years, and 98% by 3 years. A breakpoint in the slope of the curve showing proportion of recovered patients occurred at 2 years of age. Recovery of active ER was significantly associated with early elbow flexion and Narakas grade at 1 month, but not with early active shoulder abduction.
Conclusions:
Most spontaneous recovery of ER in patients with BPBI occurs until 2 years of age, which thus can be considered a meaningful follow-up period for spontaneous recovery of ER. This information should be considered when making decisions about peripheral nerve transfer surgery to improve ER in BPBI.
Clinical Question/Level Of Evidence:
Risk, III.
