Controls on microbially-induced carbonate precipitation in geologic porous media

Microbially-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) provides a natural biomineralization approach to secure the geologic storage of gases (e.g., carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane). Cracks in embrittled wellbore cement, for example, provide a pathway for atmospheric gas leakage, while permeability heterogeneities in the storage reservoir leads to fingering effects that diminish the storage capacity. The design of MICP processes, however, remains a challenge due to limited understanding of the coupled nonlinear reaction kinetics and multiphase transport involved. Specifically, previous attempts at MICP through porous media have been encumbered by carbonate precipitation localized to the first ∼ cm of the bulk injection surface. In this study, we investigate the reactive transport controls on MICP necessary to enable deep MICP penetration into the formation. We use a micromodel with pore geometry and geochemistry representative of real geologic media to image direct pore- and pore-ensemble-level mineral, fluid, and microbial distributions. An approach to adsorb microbes uniformly across the micromodel, rather than local accumulation near the inlet, is developed that enables deep MICP penetration into the porous medium. A sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the impact of injection conditions (e.g., rates, concentrations) required to maximize CaCO₃ precipitation away from the injection site. With multiple cycles of MICP, a ∼ 78 % reduction in permeability was achieved with ∼8 % carbonate pore volume occupation. Overall, this study establishes the possibility of MICP as an effective and controllable method to enhance the security of gas storage in geologic media.