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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

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Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
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Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

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According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
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Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model01:07

Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model

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In 1865, August Kekule suggested the structure of benzene according to the structural theory of organic chemistry based on the three assertions—formula of benzene is C6H6, all the hydrogens of benzene are equivalent, and each carbon must have four bonds due to its tetravalency.
He proposed that benzene has a cyclic structure of six carbon atoms attached to one hydrogen atom each, with three alternating pi bonds.
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

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Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

4.0K
Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is...
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Efficient Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Benzenes in Water via Persulfate-promoted Benzannulation of &#945;,&#946;-Unsaturated Compounds and Alkynes
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An Open-Shell Functionalization of Inorganic Benzene.

Sabrina Grenda1, Nicolas Claiser2, Antonio Barbon3

  • 1Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces (UMR 5615), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|November 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized an inorganic benzene derivative, TriBNit, featuring three nitroxide radicals. Magnetic and EPR studies reveal complex spin states (S=1/2 and S=3/2) due to radical interactions, with mobility influencing the ground state.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Chemistry

Background:

  • Borazine derivatives represent a class of inorganic aromatic compounds.
  • Nitroxide radicals are stable organic radicals with unpaired electrons.
  • Open-shell inorganic benzene analogs are of interest for their unique electronic and magnetic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel borazine derivative functionalized with nitroxide free radicals.
  • To investigate the magnetic interactions and spin states within the synthesized molecule.
  • To explore the potential of this compound as an inorganic benzene analog.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of N,N′,N″-(tris(4-Bromophenyl))-B,B′,B″-tris((2,6-dimethyl-4-(N-tert-butyl-N-oxyamino)phenyl) borazine (TriBNit).
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction for structural determination.
  • Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements.
  • Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy at variable temperatures.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure confirmed the grafting of three nitroxide radicals onto the borazine core.
  • Magnetic susceptibility indicated weak intramolecular and strong intermolecular antiferromagnetic interactions.
  • EPR spectroscopy revealed the coexistence of S = 1/2 and S = 3/2 ground-spin states at 80 K, attributed to radical orientation.
  • At room temperature, EPR spectra averaged to an S = 1/2 ground-spin state due to radical mobility.

Conclusions:

  • TriBNit serves as a significant example of an open-shell inorganic benzene analog.
  • The interplay of intramolecular and intermolecular interactions dictates the magnetic properties.
  • The observed spin states are dependent on temperature and radical mobility, offering tunable magnetic behavior.