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General practice characteristics associated with pay-for-performance in the UK: a systematic review
Rhatica Srai1, David Cromwell1, Nicholas Mays1
1Department of Health Services Research and Policy, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Background:
The Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF), a pay-for-performance programme, has been the most widespread quality initiative in NHS general practice since 2004. It has contributed between 25% and 8% of practices' income during this time, but concerns about its effect on equity have been raised.
Aim:
To understand which practice characteristics are associated with QOF performance.
Design And Setting:
A systematic review was conducted, focusing on NHS general practice in the UK.
Method:
MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL+, Web of Science, and grey literature were searched for studies examining the association between general practice characteristics and QOF performance.
Results:
Twenty-two studies, published between 2006 and 2022, exploring the relationship between six population and 15 organisational characteristics and QOF measures were found. Most studies were cross-sectional, of English general practices, and used data from the early years of QOF. A negative association was frequently found between overall QOF performance and socioeconomic deprivation; increasing proportion of registered patients aged >65 years; increasing list size; increasing mean GP age; and Alternative Provider Medical Services contracts. Group practices (versus single-handed), more full-time equivalent (FTE) GPs, and being a training practice were frequently associated with better overall QOF performance. The associations of most other characteristics with performance were inconsistent.
Conclusion:
Associations with characteristics both within and outside practices' control were identified. Pay-for-performance instruments may systematically disadvantage practices serving those at greatest risk of ill-health such as older and more deprived populations. Given the cross-sectional design of many studies and focus on the early years of QOF, more up-to-date evidence is needed to understand if and why these relationships persist.
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