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Related Concept Videos

Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the...
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Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
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HOX gene expression in the developing human spine.

John E G Lawrence1,2, Kenny Roberts1, Elizabeth Tuck1

  • 1Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.

Nature Communications
|November 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human HOX gene expression in the developing spine reveals neural-crest cells retain origin codes while adopting destination codes. This developmental atlas provides new insights into HOX gene regulation in the fetal spine.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Genetics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • HOX genes regulate positional coding along the anterior-posterior axis.
  • The specific roles of HOX genes in human cell types during development are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a developmental atlas of the human fetal spine using advanced transcriptomic techniques.
  • To analyze HOX gene expression across different cell types during spinal cord development.

Main Methods:

  • Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
  • In-situ sequencing
  • Developmental atlas creation of the human fetal spine

Main Results:

  • Neural-crest derivatives maintain their origin HOX gene code while acquiring their destination code.
  • Distinct HOX gene expression patterns observed in ventral and dorsal spinal cord domains.
  • Insights into motor pool organization and HOXB gene collinearity loss.

Conclusions:

  • HOX gene expression in the developing spine is complex, with neural-crest cells carrying a 'source code'.
  • Findings offer new perspectives on HOX gene regulation and cell fate determination during human development.