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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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The issues and trends in healthcare delivery are constantly changing. The COVID-19 pandemic is one recent issue that wreaked havoc on healthcare systems, causing a shortage of healthcare workers, high demand for medicines and supplies, and increased medical expenditure due to a lack of insurance. Other issues include rising healthcare costs and care fragmentation.
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Updated: Jun 7, 2025

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COVID-19 vaccines: current and future challenges.

Davood Mohammadi1, Matin Ghasemi2, Nahid Manouchehrian3

  • 1Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

Frontiers in Pharmacology
|November 21, 2024
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This review examines COVID-19 vaccines, including their mechanisms, benefits, and drawbacks. It highlights challenges in achieving herd immunity and discusses the future of Coronavirus Disease 2019 vaccination strategies.

Keywords:
COVID-19coronavirus disease (COVID)-19immunityvaccinationvaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Over 200 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine candidates were in development by December 2020.
  • Multiple vaccine platforms, including nucleic acid, viral vector, inactivated, protein subunit, and live attenuated, are being utilized for COVID-19 vaccine development.
  • The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is the primary target for most COVID-19 vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of action for currently available COVID-19 vaccines.
  • To present essential data on the advantages and disadvantages of various COVID-19 vaccine modalities.
  • To discuss the future prospects of COVID-19 vaccination, including challenges in achieving herd immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications and clinical trial data on COVID-19 vaccines.
  • Analysis of vaccine platforms, efficacy, safety profiles, and deployment strategies.
  • Synthesis of information regarding the immunological response to vaccination and potential need for boosters.

Main Results:

  • Several COVID-19 vaccine candidates have reached the market, demonstrating significant scientific achievement.
  • Key questions remain regarding the duration of protection, age-specific effectiveness, protection against reinfection, and the necessity of booster doses.
  • Global herd immunity remains a significant challenge despite rapid vaccine development.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the diverse mechanisms and characteristics of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial for effective public health strategies.
  • Continued research is needed to address remaining questions about vaccine effectiveness and long-term immunity.
  • Addressing challenges in vaccine accessibility and distribution is vital for global pandemic control.