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Humans can consider others' perspectives even with novel objects, but this ability, known as level-2 perspective taking (L2PT), is impacted by symbol complexity. The L2PT effect diminishes with more complex, newly learned symbols.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Cognition
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Humans spontaneously consider others' viewpoints on object identity in online tasks.
  • Evidence suggests this involves representing not just perspective discrepancy but also perspective content (level-2 perspective taking/L2PT).
  • Prior studies used culturally familiar symbols, leaving open whether L2PT requires extensive background knowledge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if level-2 perspective taking (L2PT) is limited to familiar objects or extends to novel symbols.
  • To examine the influence of symbol familiarity and complexity on spontaneous L2PT.
  • To determine if L2PT requires pre-existing object knowledge.

Main Methods:

  • Compared L2PT in groups verifying Arabic numbers versus newly learned symbol-label pairs.
  • Utilized tasks with symmetrical and asymmetrical stimuli, including joint (partner present) and individual conditions.
  • Manipulated symbol complexity in subsequent experiments (2a, 2b) using novel symbols.

Main Results:

  • An interference effect, indicative of L2PT, was observed in both number and symbol groups.
  • The L2PT interference effect remained stable for familiar numbers but diminished over time for novel symbols.
  • Increased complexity of novel symbols reduced or eliminated the L2PT interference effect.

Conclusions:

  • Online L2PT is not restricted to objects with which participants have prior identification proficiency.
  • The L2PT effect is sensitive to the processing demands of novel stimuli, diminishing with increased symbol complexity.
  • Spontaneous perspective-taking abilities can adapt to novel symbolic systems, but with limitations based on complexity.