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Related Concept Videos

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

2.7K
Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
2.7K
Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents01:27

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

7.9K
In the presence of heat or light, alkanes react with molecular halogens to form alkyl halides by a substitution reaction called radical halogenation. This reaction has three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination, as seen in the radical chlorination of methane to produce methyl chloride.
In the initiation step of the reaction, the chlorine molecule undergoes homolytic cleavage in the presence of light or heat, forming two highly reactive chlorine radicals. Propagation occurs in two...
7.9K
Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination01:31

Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination

2.2K
Typically, when alkenes react with halogens at low temperatures, an addition reaction occurs. However, upon increasing the temperature or under reaction conditions that form radicals, providing a low but steady concentration of halogen radicals, allylic substitution reaction is favored. This is because allylic hydrogens are very reactive as the formed intermediate is resonance stabilized. For example, when propene is treated with chlorine in the gas phase at 400 °C, it undergoes allylic...
2.2K
Radical Halogenation: Stereochemistry01:33

Radical Halogenation: Stereochemistry

3.7K
Stereochemistry is the study of the different spatial arrangements of atoms in a given molecule. The stereochemistry of radical halogenations can be understood from three different situations:
Halogenation to form a new chiral center:
3.7K
Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions03:03

Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

60.1K
Chemical substances interact in many different ways. Certain chemical reactions exhibit common patterns of reactivity. Due to the vast number of chemical reactions, it becomes necessary to classify them based on the observed patterns of interaction.
60.1K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

7.7K
Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
7.7K

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Updated: Jun 7, 2025

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military
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The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military

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The chloramine dilemma.

Daniel L McCurry1

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|November 21, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A long-standing drinking water disinfection puzzle is solved, revealing a potentially toxic byproduct. This discovery impacts water treatment safety and public health.

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Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes
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In vitro Cell Culture Model for Toxic Inhaled Chemical Testing
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In vitro Cell Culture Model for Toxic Inhaled Chemical Testing

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The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military
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In vitro Cell Culture Model for Toxic Inhaled Chemical Testing
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In vitro Cell Culture Model for Toxic Inhaled Chemical Testing

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed during drinking water treatment.
  • The formation pathways of certain DBPs have remained unclear for decades.
  • Understanding DBP formation is crucial for ensuring water safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the formation mechanism of a persistent, unidentified DBP in drinking water.
  • To identify the chemical structure and toxicological profile of this DBP.
  • To assess the implications for current water disinfection practices.

Main Methods:

  • Advanced analytical techniques, including high-resolution mass spectrometry.
  • Isotope labeling studies to trace reaction pathways.
  • Toxicological assays to evaluate the DBP's effects.

Main Results:

  • The mystery DBP was identified as a novel halogenated organic compound.
  • Its formation was linked to a previously unrecognized reaction involving natural organic matter and disinfectants.
  • Preliminary toxicological data indicate potential health risks.

Conclusions:

  • A decades-old water disinfection mystery has been resolved.
  • The identified DBP poses a potential public health concern.
  • Re-evaluation of disinfection strategies may be necessary to mitigate risks.