Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids01:02

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids

3.1K
Carboxylic acids, upon heating, undergo a decarboxylation reaction by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Monocarboxylic acids do not undergo decarboxylation easily. However, a silver salt of carboxylic acid reacts with bromine or iodine under high temperature to release carbon dioxide gas and forms halide with one less carbon. This reaction is called the Hunsdiecker reaction.
3.1K
Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives01:35

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

1.9K
Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate monocarboxylic acids with the liberation of carbon dioxide.
1.9K
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

1.0K
When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
1.0K
Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Carboxylation of Grignard Reagents01:13

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Carboxylation of Grignard Reagents

4.3K
Carboxylic acids can be prepared by the carboxylation of Grignard reagents (RMgX). This method is convenient for converting alkyl (primary, secondary or tertiary), vinyl, benzyl, and aryl halides to carboxylic acids with one additional carbon than the starting RMgX.
4.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0132c Gene Product Mtb-FGD2 Can Act as an F<sub>420</sub>-Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase.

Proteins·2026
Same author

Integrated structural dynamics uncover a new B<sub>12</sub> photoreceptor activation mode.

Nature·2026
Same author

Structure and Mechanism of PhdC, a Prenylated-Flavin Maturase.

Proteins·2025
Same author

Engineering Streptomyces coelicolor for heterologous expression of the thiopeptide GE2270A-A cautionary tale.

Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology·2025
Same author

Fragment-Based Development of Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Cholesterol Metabolism.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2025
Same author

Engineered enzymes for enantioselective nucleophilic aromatic substitutions.

Nature·2025
Same journal

Clinical Europium fluorescent based lectin assays for mucin O-glycomics.

Methods in enzymology·2026
Same journal

A dual-color FRET assay for detection and quantitative analysis of O-glycopeptidases.

Methods in enzymology·2026
Same journal

Evolutionary genetic approaches to analyze mucins.

Methods in enzymology·2026
Same journal

Ex vivo imaging and enzymatic analysis of intestinal mucus.

Methods in enzymology·2026
Same journal

Glyco-TRAPP: A real-time glycocalyx permeability assay for assessing transmembrane mucin barrier function in live and fixed tissues.

Methods in enzymology·2026
Same journal

Quantitative imaging approaches to capture structural and functional dynamics of colonic mucus in health and disease in situ.

Methods in enzymology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2025

Light-driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation
09:58

Light-driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation

Published on: May 22, 2016

10.7K

Methods to study prFMN-UbiD mediated (de)carboxylation.

Dominic R Whittall1, David Leys1

  • 1Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.

Methods in Enzymology
|November 21, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The UbiX-UbiD system enables mild, reversible carboxylation of unsaturated acids using CO2. This study details protocols for producing and activating these biocatalysts for chemical synthesis.

Keywords:
C-H activationCarboxylaseCarboxylationDecarboxylationFdc1FlavinPrFMNUbiDUbiX

More Related Videos

Quantitative Determination of De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis in Brown Adipose Tissue Using Deuterium Oxide
07:34

Quantitative Determination of De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis in Brown Adipose Tissue Using Deuterium Oxide

Published on: May 12, 2023

975
Post Column Derivatization Using Reaction Flow High Performance Liquid Chromatography Columns
06:25

Post Column Derivatization Using Reaction Flow High Performance Liquid Chromatography Columns

Published on: April 26, 2016

15.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2025

Light-driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation
09:58

Light-driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation

Published on: May 22, 2016

10.7K
Quantitative Determination of De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis in Brown Adipose Tissue Using Deuterium Oxide
07:34

Quantitative Determination of De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis in Brown Adipose Tissue Using Deuterium Oxide

Published on: May 12, 2023

975
Post Column Derivatization Using Reaction Flow High Performance Liquid Chromatography Columns
06:25

Post Column Derivatization Using Reaction Flow High Performance Liquid Chromatography Columns

Published on: April 26, 2016

15.0K

Area of Science:

  • Biocatalysis
  • Enzyme Engineering
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • The microbial UbiX-UbiD system catalyzes reversible (de)carboxylation of alpha, beta-unsaturated carboxylic acids.
  • Direct C-H carboxylation is challenging under mild conditions but offers routes for functionalization and carbon capture.
  • UbiD enzyme activity relies on the prenylated flavin cofactor (prFMN), produced by UbiX, requiring oxidative maturation for activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present detailed protocols for the production, reconstitution, and characterization of active UbiD enzymes.
  • To optimize the efficiency of prFMN incorporation and oxidative maturation for UbiD activity.
  • To establish UbiD-mediated Csp2-H activation as a versatile biocatalytic tool.

Main Methods:

  • Development of protocols for recombinant UbiX and UbiD enzyme production.
  • In vitro reconstitution assays for prFMN cofactor loading and oxidative maturation.
  • Enzymatic assays to characterize UbiD-mediated (de)carboxylation activity.
  • Spectroscopic methods for characterizing cofactor states (prFMNreduced and prFMNiminium).

Main Results:

  • Established robust protocols for producing functional UbiX and UbiD enzymes.
  • Demonstrated successful reconstitution of active UbiD enzymes with the prFMN cofactor.
  • Characterized the critical oxidative maturation step influencing enzyme activity.
  • Showcased UbiD-mediated Csp2-H activation for transforming aryl/alkene compounds with CO2.

Conclusions:

  • The presented protocols enable reliable production and activation of UbiD enzymes for biocatalysis.
  • Optimized cofactor maturation is crucial for consistent and efficient UbiD-mediated (de)carboxylation.
  • UbiX-UbiD system offers a promising biocatalytic platform for sustainable chemical synthesis and carbon capture.