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Updated: Jun 6, 2025

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Microbiome and Communication Disorders: A Tutorial for Clinicians.

Anumitha Venkatraman1, Ruth Davis1, Wen-Hsuan Tseng1,2

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Microbiota shifts in the mouth, larynx, and trachea, not just the gut, impact health. Understanding these microbial interactions may lead to new diagnostics and therapies for swallowing and communication disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Host-Microbiota Interactions
  • Organ-Specific Microbiomes

Background:

  • Host-microbiota interactions are crucial for health and disease.
  • While the gut microbiome is well-studied, other organ-specific microbiota (oral, laryngeal, tracheal) also influence health.
  • Microbial shifts in these distinct sites can impact disease states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the microbiome in health and disease.
  • To explore microbial mechanisms in host cell interactions.
  • To examine site-specific microbial shifts and dysbiosis related to communication and swallowing deficits.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on the microbiome.
  • Analysis of commensal versus pathogenic bacteria.
  • Examination of cellular mechanisms of bacterial interaction.
  • Review of studies on oral, laryngeal, and tracheal microbial dysbiosis.

Main Results:

  • Microbial dysbiosis in the mouth, larynx, and trachea is linked to communication and swallowing deficits.
  • Understanding these microbial shifts has potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
  • Specific pathogenic bacteria may play a key role in disease pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • This review serves as an introduction to dysbiosis for clinicians.
  • Further research is needed to identify specific pathogenic bacteria and therapeutic targets.
  • Investigating organ-specific microbiota offers avenues for novel treatments.