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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
 
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Loss-Induced Quantum Information Jet in an Infinite Temperature Hubbard Chain.

Patrik Penc1,2,3, Cătălin Paşcu Moca2,4, Örs Legeza3,5

  • 1Department of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Physics, <a href="https://ror.org/02w42ss30">Budapest University of Technology and Economics</a>, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.

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Information propagation in a quantum model reveals distinct classical and quantum transport behaviors. A fast quantum jet emerges, unlike classical models, showing complex interference patterns.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter theory
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Investigating information propagation in quantum systems is crucial for understanding complex many-body dynamics.
  • The one-dimensional infinite temperature Hubbard model provides a fundamental framework for studying strongly correlated electron systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze information propagation in a 1D Hubbard model with a particle sink.
  • To characterize the emergent structures and dynamics of information transport.

Main Methods:

  • Studying the two-site mutual information and operator entanglement entropy.
  • Comparing quantum dynamics with a classical reversible cellular automaton model.

Main Results:

  • Observed two distinct information fronts and interference fringes.
  • Identified a fast quantum information jet distinct from classical transport.
  • Classical models quantitatively matched slow correlations but failed to capture the quantum jet.

Conclusions:

  • The study highlights the emergence of complex, multi-component information propagation in strongly correlated quantum systems.
  • Quantum effects lead to novel transport phenomena, such as the fast quantum jet, not reproducible by classical models.