CX3CL1 (Fractalkine): An important cytokine in physiological and pathological pregnancies

C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1), commonly known as Fractalkine, is an important chemokine with dual functions of chemotaxis and adhesion. It plays a pivotal role in a variety of physiological processes and pathological conditions, particularly in conjunction with its receptor, C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1). This review focuses on the expression and intricate regulatory mechanisms of CX3CL1 at the maternal-fetal interface, emphasizing its multifaceted role during pregnancy. CX3CL1 was detected in the trophoblast and decidua tissues, playing a crucial role in recruitment of immune cells, enhancing endometrial receptivity, and modulating trophoblast cell activities. Abnormal expression of CX3CL1 has been correlated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as spontaneous abortion, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and preterm births. By elucidating the complex interplay of CX3CL1 at the maternal-fetal interface, this review aims to shed light on its potential roles in pregnancy-related complications.