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Updated: Jun 6, 2025

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Outdoor mesoscale fabricated ecosystems: Rationale, design, and application to evapotranspiration.

L Peruzzo1, C Chou2, S S Hubbard3

  • 1Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA; University of Padova, Department of Geosciences, Via Giovanni Gradenigo 6, Padova 35131, Italy.

The Science of the Total Environment
|November 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel mesoscale fabricated ecosystem for integrated soil-plant-atmosphere research. It successfully uses advanced monitoring to explain evapotranspiration variability and improve ecological models.

Keywords:
Electrical resistivity tomographyEvapotranspirationFabricated ecosystemsLysimeterSoil water contentTemperature

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology and Hydrology
  • Environmental Science
  • Soil Science

Background:

  • Disparities in scale and complexity exist between lab experiments and field studies in ecology and hydrology.
  • Mesoscale experimental facilities like lysimeters and fabricated ecosystems bridge this gap but have limitations in manipulation and integrated monitoring.
  • Soil functioning research, in particular, requires advanced methods for spatiotemporal analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of a novel fabricated ecosystem as a mesoscale experimental facility.
  • To integrate point sensors and imaging methods for spatiotemporal analysis along the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum.
  • To investigate evapotranspiration (ET) using a multi-approach method within the fabricated ecosystem.

Main Methods:

  • A fabricated ecosystem (4.7m L x 1.2m W x 1.2m H) was designed for integrated monitoring.
  • Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), soil water sensors, and distributed temperature profiling were used below ground.
  • Above-ground sensors and lysimeter load changes were employed for energy balance and ET estimation.

Main Results:

  • The study provides the first experimental evidence of water and temperature spatiotemporal variability at the lysimeter scale.
  • Discrepancies among three different evapotranspiration time series and their seasonality were explained by observed variability.
  • Integrated monitoring revealed below-ground processes controlling evapotranspiration.

Conclusions:

  • Mesoscale fabricated ecosystems can effectively integrate diverse monitoring methods for detailed environmental studies.
  • The developed setup advances the understanding of water and energy fluxes, particularly evapotranspiration.
  • This approach supports the development, upscaling, and application of ecological models under climate change scenarios.