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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
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Thyroid Hormones and Co-workers: An Overview.

Constanza Contreras-Jurado1,2,3

  • 1Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain. scontjur@uax.es.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) regulate critical bodily functions like metabolism and development. They are synthesized via a complex pathway involving TRH, TSH, and thyroglobulin, and exert effects through genomic and non-genomic signaling.

Keywords:
DeiodinasesHyperthyroidismHypothyroidismIntegrin αvβ3Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs)Thyroid hormone transporterThyroid hormones (THs)

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis regulates thyroid hormone (TH) production.
  • Thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are essential for development, metabolism, and cell maintenance.
  • TH synthesis involves iodination of thyroglobulin, followed by hormone release and circulation bound to transport proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the comprehensive pathway of thyroid hormone synthesis, transport, and action.
  • To detail the enzymatic processes, including deiodination, involved in T4 to T3 conversion.
  • To describe both genomic and non-genomic mechanisms of thyroid hormone signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on thyroid hormone physiology.
  • Analysis of the molecular interactions of thyroid hormones with receptors and cellular components.
  • Description of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis regulation.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid hormone synthesis is initiated by TRH and TSH, involving iodination of thyroglobulin.
  • Circulating T4 is converted to the more active T3 by deiodinase enzymes in target tissues.
  • Thyroid hormones signal through intracellular thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and membrane-bound receptors like integrin αvβ3.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormones are crucial regulators of numerous physiological processes.
  • Both genomic and non-genomic pathways mediate the diverse actions of thyroid hormones.
  • Understanding these pathways is vital for comprehending thyroid-related disorders and developing therapeutic strategies.