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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2025

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Consensus Statement: Recommendations on Actionable Biomarker Testing for Thyroid Cancer Management.

Ozgur Mete¹, Andrée Boucher², Kasmintan A Schrader³

¹Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada. ozgur.mete2@uhn.ca.

Endocrine Pathology

|November 23, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Actionable biomarker testing is crucial for thyroid cancer management but faces inconsistencies. This study provides consensus algorithms and recommendations to guide physicians in applying these tests effectively for targeted therapies.

Keywords:

ALK BRAF NTRK RAS RET Algorithms Biomarkers Cancer management Familial thyroid carcinoma Genetic testing IHC Immunohistochemistry Medullary thyroid carcinoma Microsatellite instability Mismatch repair Molecular testing NGS Next-generation sequencing PD-L1 Predictive Targeted therapy Thyroid cancer Tumor mutational burden

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Genetics
Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

Thyroid cancer management is evolving with the integration of germline and somatic biomarker testing.
Current biomarker testing approaches exhibit deficiencies and disparities, leading to inconsistent patient care.
Actionable biomarkers are key for guiding targeted therapy selection in various thyroid cancer subtypes.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop consensus biomarker testing algorithms and recommendations for thyroid cancer patients.
To address gaps and disparities in current thyroid cancer biomarker testing strategies.
To provide practical guidance for physicians navigating the complexities of biomarker testing for targeted therapies.

Main Methods:

Convening an expert panel to establish consensus algorithms and recommendations.
Conducting a review of international guidelines on thyroid cancer biomarker testing.
Performing a literature review to evaluate evidence supporting actionable biomarkers in thyroid cancer.

Main Results:

Development of consensus-driven algorithms and recommendations for thyroid cancer biomarker testing.
Identification of key challenges and gaps in current testing landscapes.
Emphasis on a multidisciplinary team approach for optimal patient care.

Conclusions:

The developed algorithms and recommendations aim to assist physicians in thyroid cancer biomarker testing.
These guidelines balance advanced care with practical feasibility, considering economic and jurisdictional factors.
Recommendations are therapy-agnostic, ensuring broad applicability across different thyroid cancer types.