Methane cycle in subsurface environment: A review of microbial processes

Methane is a pivotal component of the global carbon cycle. It acts both as a potent greenhouse gas and a vital energy source. While the microbial cycling of methane in subsurface environments is crucial, its impact on geological settings and related engineering projects is often underestimated. This review uniquely integrates the latest findings on methane production, oxidation, and migration processes in strata, revealing novel microbial mechanisms and their implications for environmental sustainability. We address critical issues of methane leakage and engineering safety during resource extraction, underscoring the urgent need for effective methane management strategies. This work clarifies geological factors affecting methane budgets and emissions, deepening our understanding of methane dynamics. It offers practical insights for geological engineering and sustainable natural gas hydrate exploration, paving the way for future research and applications.