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Updated: Jun 6, 2025
A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples
Published on: March 23, 2018
tRNA-derived RNAs in human milk extracellular vesicles and associations with breastfeeding variables and maternal
Abigail Gaylord1, Elizabeth A Holzhausen2, Bridget Chalifour2
1Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
Aims:
To describe tDRs in human milk EVs and their associations with maternal body mass index, age, dietary indices, breastfeeding frequency, season and time of milk collection in a Latina population.
Materials & Methods:
We sequenced small RNAs from EVs from 109 mature human milk samples collected at 1 month after delivery in the Southern California Mother's Milk Study. We grouped tDRs using hierarchical clustering and clusters were compared across tDR characteristics. We analyzed associations of tDRs with intrinsic maternal variables (body mass index, age), maternal nutrition (caloric intake, Healthy Eating Index, Dietary Inflammatory Index), and variables related to feeding and milk collection (breastfeeding frequency, season and time of milk collection) using negative binomial models.
Results:
We identified 338 tDRs expressed in 90% or more of milk EV samples, of which 113 were identified in all samples. tDR-1:26-Gly-CCC-1-M4 accounted for most reads (79%). Pathway analysis revealed a wide array of biological processes and disease mechanisms across the four tDR clusters. tDRs were associated with season of collection, time of collection, breastfeeding frequency, and the dietary inflammatory index.
Conclusions:
tDRs are abundant in milk EVs and may be sensitive to maternal diet, seasonality, time of day, and breastfeeding frequency.
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